Ecological Anthropology And Cultural Ecologist - 799 Words

Ecological Anthropology is the study of how humans cope with problems in their environment such as survival, reproduction, development, longevity or spatial positions of people (Moran, 2008). Ecological Anthropologist and Cultural Ecologist do not ascribe to environmental determinism instead they view the relationship between humans and the environment as more possibilistic, explaining that the â€Å"process† may result in alternative behaviors (Reitz and Wing, 2008; 14). The Historical Ecological perspective provides a temporal structural and functional framework to a changing landscape by analyzing how humans alter the environment and how in turn a changing environment alters human activity (Reitz and Wing, 2008; Crumley, 1994). Faunal analysis takes a prominent role in these ecological frameworks and therefore in Zooarchaeology. Post-Processual (Archaeology) During the 1970s and 1980s the processual archaeologist rediscovered the â€Å"concept of culture as a source of cross-cultural idiosyncratic variation in human beliefs and behaviors† (Trigger, 2006; 444) that emphasized context, ideology, and symbolism in what is now known as post-processual archaeology (Gibbs, 2000; 67). This influence did not have an immediate effect on Zooarchaeology; however, in the past 10 years an increasing demand for an integrated approach has resulted in what is now being called Social Zooarchaeology. Middle-range theory Middle-Range theory incorporates the empirical observations of the processShow MoreRelatedHow Engineering Can Work Together With Anthropology1198 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper seeks to show how engineering can work together with anthropology to explore the effects of global climate change, due to increased carbon emissions. Political ecology, co-management, and tragedy of the commons are three concepts within anthropology which will be used to discuss this issue, and will be defined in detail further in this paper. Climate change can be defined as the change in global or regional climate patterns due to human activity. The World Wildlife Fund (2012) has foundRead MoreChicago School Of Social Ecology Theory1509 Words   |  7 PagesEcology has played its vital role in the development of urban ecology theory as the sociologists and ecologists from aforementioned school such as Robert Park and Earnest Burgess propagated that Central Business District (CBD) impacts urban and downtow n planning, urban renewal, urban expansions, housing projects, commercial activities, industrialization, community development and urban ecological system. Next, the Berlin School of Urban Ecology also extended the aforementioned theoretical argumentRead MoreMultimedia and the Mass Communication of Science Essay2284 Words   |  10 Pagesfound and as they looked in their heyday (Jacobson et. al., 1999; Slater et. al., 2001; Ash et. al., 2009). This provides an excellent opportunity for multidisciplinary work because a 3-D model can easily incorporate the input of archaeologists, ecologists, geologists and more in the construction of a single site that could then be used to educate people from a multidisciplinary perspective. When research into 3-D computer modeling as a teaching tool first began, the people who could create theRead Morevolunteer tourism Essay9739 Words   |  39 Pagesresearch. ______________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction Whether you feel that volunteer tourism simply represents an expanding tourism niche, an alternative form of tourism, or a sign of major socio-cultural change, its explosive growth is evident in academic literature, global trends, and the popular press. Volunteer tourism originated as a primarily British and European phenomenon (as an offshoot of the Grand Tour), then expanded into a range of countriesRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescapitalist, colonial, and fascist. Particularly revealing are Spodek’s discussions of the influence of prominent urban planners and architects— including Le Corbusier and the Chicago School—urban preservation and the city as the locus of global cultural development, and the ways in which slums and shanty towns have morphed into long-term homes and viable communities for perhaps a majority of urban dwellers worldwide in the last half of the twentieth century. Broadly conceived and remarkably comprehensive

Socrates’ Speech in Apology - 975 Words

Aristophanes’ Clouds, if read hastily, can be interpreted as a mindless satyr play written in 419 BCE. Yet the chorus warns the reader not to expect the play to have farcical ploys like â€Å"a hanging phallus stitched on† the actors to evoke a laugh, but has underlying seriousness as â€Å"she [the play] comes in trusting only her words† (Clouds 538-44). Even if the play does use some low devices, the play’s message is sophisticated and can be read as a warning to Socrates. Aristophanes is a â€Å"friendly critic† of Socrates and warns Socrates to change his ways for Athens and for the good of himself (Whidden). Plato’s Symposium and especially his Apology of Socrates justify the claims made in Clouds about the dangers of philosophy and Socrates to†¦show more content†¦They are referred to as a â€Å"voice† that Socrates hears, not unlike a conscience, that â€Å"turns me [Socrates] away from whatever I am about to do, b ut never turns me forward† (Apology 31d). Socrates uses that as the reason why he never got into politics, as the majority rule is usually against his own code of morals (31d). Socrates is not exactly godless or immoral for he would not condemn a group of prisoners without trying them separately. His â€Å"whole care is to commit no unjust or impious deed† (32d). Socrates may have moral standards, but perhaps his followers would not. This leads into the charge that he corrupts the youth, for if Socrates can question the gods, they can too. Athenians acted out of fear of heavenly retribution, not morals (Whidden). Those youth found it acceptable to do whatever they wanted because of the apparent lack of gods and thunderbolts coming down from the heavens to smite those who deserve justice. Clouds’ Socrates argues, â€Å"If in fact he [Zeus] strikes perjurers, then how is it that he did not burn up Simon, or Cleonymus or Theorus? Yet they are vehement perjurers . But he strikes his own temple and Sunium, the cape of Athens, and tall oak trees. Why?† (Clouds 398-402). Those youths have mimicked Socrates’ style of rhetoric and argument. Pheidippides is an extreme satiric version of these sophists, as he uses the weaker speech to justify why he has beaten his father and why heShow MoreRelatedPlato s The Apology Of Socrates874 Words   |  4 PagesIn Plato s â€Å"The Apology of Socrates†, Socrates states, â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living† and he would rather be put to death them stop his practice of philosophy (The Apology). In this writing, Socrates is charged with not accepting the gods recognized by the state, devising new gods, and corrupting the youth of Athens. However, the word apology in the title is not our modern English interpretation of the word. The name of the speech stems from the Greek word apologia, which translatesRead MoreAristophanes’ Clouds a Satyr Play Written in 419 BCE1161 Words   |  5 Pageswarning to Socrates. Aristophanes is a â€Å"friendly critic† of Socrates and warns Socrates to change his ways for Athens and for the good of himself (Whidden). Plato’s Symposium and especially his Apology of Socrates does not discount the claims made in Clouds about the dangers of philosophy and Socrates to the public, even if Plato’s Socrates is less exaggeratedly flawed than the Socrates in Clouds. In Apology, Socrates takes the warning from the Clouds seriously. In Socrates’ speech he disregardsRead MoreThe Reconciliation Of Two Positions1696 Words   |  7 Pagesmost prominent individuals in history, Socrates not only helped to set up the foundations for Western philosophy, but the legacy he left behind is something that is still being discussed today by historians and philosophers alike. Socrates is renowned for standing up for his beliefs even in the midst of death as portrayed in Plato’s account of Socrates’ defense speech, Apology, in which he gave during his 339 B.C. trial. It is in this eminent speech that Socrates is able show the dedication he has forRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Socrates As A Tragic Hero1373 Words   |  6 Pagesthe purpose of existence; one of these philosophers was Socrates. Spending majority of his life in Athens, Socrates exercised his freedom of speech, for which, he had vocalized his opinions to the people of Athens of the au thority of the government and whether if the they are suitable to help society function in a positive light (Brumbaugh 230). However, in the development of government, the conservative government of Athens charged Socrates with religious treason and the corruption of the youth ofRead MoreApology of Socrates Summart924 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Platos The Apology is an account of the speech Socrates makes at the trial in which he is charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, inventing new deities, and corrupting the youth of Athens. Socrates speech, however, is by no means an apology in our modern understanding of the word. The name of the dialogue derives from the Greek apologia, which translates as a defense, or a speech made in defense. Thus, in The Apology, Socrates attempts to defend himself andRead MorePlatos Apology, Summary, Main Characters750 Words   |  3 PagesSocrates - The protagonist of The Apology, as well as all of Plato s other dialogues. Socrates seems to be a very simple man, not having many material possessions and speaking in a plain, conversational manner. However, this seeming plainness is all a part of the ironic characteristic of Socrates method. Professing his own ignorance, he engages in conversation with someone claiming to be an expert, usually in ethical matters. By askin g simple questions, Socrates gradually reveals that his interlocutorRead MoreEssay Clouds vs. The Apology1649 Words   |  7 Pages Clouds vs. The Apology In Aristophanes Clouds and in Platos Apology we see extensive fictional representations of the historical figure, Socrates, who left us no literary works under his own name. When comparing these two representations, readers often assume, as a result of the nature of the comedic genre, that Aristophanes portrayal of Socrates is exaggerated and fallacious. On the other hand, Platos account is often taken more seriously as a result of the philosophical genre and theRead MoreEssay on The Three Modes of Persuasion: Socrates Apology1331 Words   |  6 PagesPersuasion: Socrates’ Apology In speaking of effective rhetorical persuasion, we must appeal to our target audience in a way that will get them to accept or act upon the point of view we are trying to portray. Aristotle said that we persuade others by three means: (1) by the appeal to their reason (logos); (2) by the appeal to their emotions (pathos); and (3) by the appeal of our personality or character (ethos) (Corbett and Connors 32). When Socrates, an infamous rhetorician, gave his â€Å"apology† to hisRead MorePlatos The Apology792 Words   |  3 PagesPlato’s The Apology is the speech that Socrates makes at the trial in which he is charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, creating new deities, and corrupting the youth of Athens. Even though the title of Socrates’ speech is The Apology, it is not an apology for his actions, but rather he attempts to defend himself and his conduct. The apology has made me reflect on whether a person should focus on improving himself or herself, or should they focus on improving other peopleRead MorePlatos Apology Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s Apology is a narrative of the famous speech of Socrates that is made during his trial. Instead of apologizing, Socrates attempts to defend himself and his actions. He is put on trial due to his accusations of corrupting Athens, not acknowledging the same gods as the state, and creating new gods. During his dialogue, Socrates remains very calm and speaks with honesty. He focuses on what is said rather than his manner of speech. When he is first presented in from of the jury, Socrates asks

Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases

Question: Describe about the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases. Answer: Demographic characteristics of Abbotsford Primary School, Victoria, Australia Abbotsford Primary School is a small government school situated in the Lithgow Street and a suburb of City of Yarra which is the local government area in Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia. It was established in the year of 1877 and it consisted of brick building of polychrome that is historic considered as a worth for preservation by National Trust. The schools roof is made of tiles previously made of slate roof. The school is planned symmetrically and is having a tower and central gable slightly projecting outside at each end. It is located in the inner suburb of Abbotsford and is very vibrant and diverse in nature. The school is a bilingual school with Chinese and English. The school consists of the students majorly from all cultural backgrounds and therefore has a multicultural community. Despite of the students drawn from the local government area, there are students also from outside the locality which is a reflection of its demographic characteristics and community. There are fam ilies from English and Vietnamese correspondence. The students have a great passion for learning of different languages and that gives them a better understanding of diverse cultures. The environment of the school is very safe, friendly and provides a learning ambience for the students. The community is well established with proper planning and sustainable practices. The community established many garden beds and water tanks installation. There is well ventilation and ample lightening in the school by extending the existing windows those were arched and added a panel towards the bottom. There are bollards, garden planting in the school grounds and local parks in the surrounding community. The surrounding consists of Collingwood Farm for children, arts center, state library and museum. The supporting and learning environment of the school and the surrounding community encourages many enrolments from outside the local community. The community resources are well established encouraging the school programs and considered as a social hub for the families from different backgrounds to support and enjoy sharing their culture among themselves. The friendly and learning environment has increased the enrolments since 2012. The school is well equipped with library, essential learning equipments according to the Victorian Essential Learning Standards and the curriculum is planned, taught and assessed through an integrated approach. The school is supported by the Primary Welfare Officer who supports many programs to encourage the personal, physical and social learning of the school. The students makes visit in the Collingwood Childrens Farm situated in the nearby community and the school also organizes many outdoor activities like bush walking and orienteering for the students of aged 3-6. The school also conducts physical education classes, art therapy and reading and speech assistance classes that helped the students to develop in a learning and strong literacy environment. There are community health workers who conduct programs in the schools to initiate and implement approaches encouraged to create awareness and inculcate healthy habits in the school. Etiology and epidemiology of overweight and obesity in pupils The overweight and obesity is a very serious health disorder that is affecting pupils in a devastating manner. The children are overweight than normal according to their age and height. The overweight and obesity in children has reached an alarming stage and the number has doubled in the last few years and one in five children is affected by obesity or overweight in Australia that is around 25% ("Overweight and obesity (AIHW)", 2016). In the recent years, obesity and overweight has been declared as the second contributor to the burden of disease. Seeing the current rate of increasing incidence of overweight and obesity in children, it has been predicted that by 2020, there will be about 65% increase in the number of obese children ("Who is overweight? (AIHW)", 2016). There are many factors that contribute to the obese condition in children like metabolism, genetics, lifestyle, eating habits and environment. The obesity in children is generally idiopathic and genetics contribute only 10% associated with improper hormonal problems. The energy imbalance in children when there is increase in total intake of energy exceeding the expenditure of energy. The reduction in energy expenditure is due to adoption of sedentary lifestyle in children. There is lack of physical exercise, excess intake of carbohydrate or protein or fat diet that contributes to the overweight condition in children. The attitude in children and families regarding food habits also reflects the patterns of intake of food, physical exercise and leisure time selection. The food choice in children that includes high fat or carbohydrate is a major factor causing obesity in children. There is also lack of physical exercise in their daily life as they spend most of their leisure time in watching television or playing video games on computers. The children having overweight parents also greatly influence them to pursue the type of lifestyle. The overweight parents are less concerned about the ill effects o f overweight and the health related risks in them. The genetics is also a factor having a family history of obesity making the children susceptible to obesity. A diet low in fruits, green vegetables and other essential nutrients also make the children prone to eat high calorie foods leading to overweight and obesity. The consumption of highly sweetened beverages makes the children prone to overweight and risk for obesity. The surveys made by the Australian Dietary Guidelines showed that the Australian children are consuming foods rich in carbohydrates or fats more than required. Therefore, there is an urgent need to look in the matter of increasing overweight and obesity in children and the related health risk. The epidemiology of obesity in children is shocking in Australia. It is increasing every year and is in a shocking state. The overweight and obesity in children has a great impact hampering their later life. The child below the age of 15 years has patterns of overweight and obesity associated with socio-economic factors, ethnic and indigenous status. According to the National Health Survey, 18% of overweight and 7% obese children that is 25% of children aged 5-18 years. There is large number of obese boys than girls and the pattern is shown to increase as the age progresses. There are about 30% of children were found to be overweight in socially disadvantageous groups and about 20% of children are obese belonging to the high socio-economic levels. The boys of year two, four and six and girls of kindergarten and year 2 were found to be overweight. The obesity is seen in the children of earlier age 2-5 that accounts for 8.9 per cent and about two per cent of them are highly obese ("Obe sity and Overweight | National Health and Medical Research Council", 2016). The children of age 6-11 are extremely obese and that accounts for 7.8 per cent. About 41 million of children below the age of five are suffering from obesity or overweight during 2014 and there is a significant increase in the number in the progressing years ("Obesity and overweight", 2016). The epidemic of obesity or overweight is getting increased and posing a threat to the developing nations. According to World Health Organization, obesity is one of the major cause of disease burden and quite preventable. The obesity is affecting the children and might get obesity as they grow older. The International statistics shows that there is a great increase in the incidence of obesity in children and about 77% of the countries are getting affected by this disorder. Overweight and obesity in children As a Public Health Officer working for the state Department of Health, children are the major stakeholder in the school for the implementation of intervention and prevention of the non-communicable disease like overweight and obesity in the school. In a school, children are the main stakeholders that need to be targeted to implement and execute the prevention interventions to make them aware and prevent them from non-communicable disease like overweight and obesity. The children are the main targets in a school as the problem of overweight and obesity is hampering their health and hampering their life in the later stages. The children have to suffer from many health consequences and increased risk for heart ailments like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, asthma and other health related consequences. The obesity in children has many psychological effects along with physical problems. They experience social discrimination and low esteem among their age group and in the society. The ob esity is diagnosed and treated on time; it would help them to lead a healthy life in the later life. The obesity has many harmful effects on children exposing them to great risk of high blood pressure and cholesterol making them prone to cardiovascular diseases. There is also impairment of glucose tolerance, type two diabetes and insulin resistance in children. The children who are overweight are prone to breathing problems and asthma. The behavioral, psychological and depression is highly prevalent among the school going children. The lack of confidence and low self esteem hamper their quality of life and impair the physical, social and emotional well being. Therefore, the above mentioned complications and associated health hazards shows that there is an urgency to implement intervention strategies in the school to curb the ill effects of obesity and overweight in the children. The intervention strategies for prevention of overweight and obesity in the school The foundation for the good health starts from childhood and after home life, schools offer the basic education. The school is the best place to implement strategies for prevention of diseases and create awareness while inculcating the healthy habits for their later life. The intervention strategy starts with the collection of data from the students and their teachers. As the students in Abbotsford Primary School are from different cultural backgrounds, their food and lifestyle patterns would be different. Therefore, there is a need for these important information along with their body mass index, their family medical history, the students medical history, their daily food habit and level of exercise in their daily life. As mentioned above, the school is aimed at inculcating good habits in their students, still there is a need to make children aware of the ill effects of obesity and inculcate good healthy habits in them for their later life. The intervention strategies include measur ing the involvement of physical activity and the eating behaviors and their attitude towards overweight and obesity. As the target population is children, there is requirement of involvement of their teachers and families for the successful implementation of the intervention strategies. The barrier in the implementation strategy would be as they are children, the education about the non communicable disease like overweight and obesity would require the involvement of the school and community as a whole. As a Public Health Officer, they need to be taught with great patience and in a friendly manner so that they could able to understand the meaning of what obesity is, how it is caused and how they affect their life. The implementation of intervention strategies would be promoting the importance of physical activity in their daily life, the facts about consuming healthy food and nutritional diet in their food. The health services emphasizing on promoting healthy habits, involvement in outdoor games rather than involving in watching television or playing video games. There should also be conduction of health programs teaching them about facts on obesity and healthy eating. There is also requirement of psychological counseling and social services for the children suffering from overweight or prone to the disorder. The intervention strategy involves the improvement of health policies and nutrition at the school. There would be a requirement of physical education classes for the children once a week for inculcating good habits in them. There is requirement of health policy makers and officers to evaluate the intervention strategies that are implemented. There would be curriculum that would emphasis on improving the health behaviors in the children and skills to help them adopt the healthy behaviors. The strategy would be making them learn and understand by providing them opportunities to implement those skills in their daily life with main focus on the overcome of the barriers that stop them from adopting these behaviors. The children need to be encouraged to participate in physical activities as much as possible. The community needs to be taught to encourage these intervention strategies and work in collaboration with the school for the successful working of these intervention strategies to gai n optimal outcomes. There should be an implementation of quality and healthy meal at the school discouraging unhealthy food items. The above mentioned intervention strategies to prevent the non communicable disease like obesity and overweight would make the children aware and help them to spread the message among their families and friends. The community should encourage the health food habit by advertising healthy foods, limited access to the unhealthy foods and high availability of healthy nutritious foods. Communication Strategy The communication strategy includes the health communication among the children and conducting campaigns for the children to understand the concepts of healthy habits and association of ill effects of obesity on health and related risk. The parents should communicate with their children and teach them about various nutrition facts and also discouraging them to consume unhealthy food. The communication strategy involves the media, marketing about prevention of overweight and obesity and discouraging advertisement of unhealthy foods favorite among children. The encouragement of teacher-student communication so that there is no barrier in providing them the information required to prevent a serious disorder like overweight and obesity among the children. The parents should actively participate in different campaigns and programs designed for the prevention of obesity and overweight in children. The social marketing would be helpful to a great extent as the children are addicted to telev ision and that would help to influence their behavior and attitude towards the concept of obesity. Before the implementation of these strategies, there should be communication of the public health officers with the children so that they could understand the purpose of the intervention and help us to provide the information required to evaluate our implementation strategies. The media plays an important role in highlighting the issues that are affecting the society. The campaigns by the social marketing help to spread information and encourage the children and their parents persuade good healthy habits in their daily life. The media literacy also helps by making the children understand, analyze and evaluate the social information they address. Evaluation strategy The evaluation strategy includes the meeting of the goals in the plan of action, the fulfillment of the objectives and timely evaluation of the progress of the intervention strategies aimed at preventing obesity in the students of the school. The evaluation greatly depends on the timely and reliable information that is available during the planning and implementation of intervention strategies. The data collection is important in monitoring of the implementation plan. It also includes the accurate data interpretation and analysis that would help to evaluate the level of the success of the intervention among the students and how they are inculcating them in their life. The evaluation of the progress of this intervention largely depends on the activities of the students at school and at home like restricted use of sweet drinks, eating fruits and green vegetables, having healthy lunch and snacks, encouraging them to avoid unhealthy foods and drinks. The evaluation of level of physical a ctivities in the school, active playing session, how they inculcate walking when riding to school, safe transport and other health related activities. There is also a need for evaluation of various curriculums, policies and extent of families and the surrounding community involvement in implementing the various strategies. References Obesity and Overweight | National Health and Medical Research Council. (2016). Nhmrc.gov.au. Retrieved 6 December 2016, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-topics/obesity-and-overweight Obesity and overweight. (2016). World Health Organization. Retrieved 6 December 2016, from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ Overweight and obesity (AIHW). (2016). Aihw.gov.au. Retrieved 6 December 2016, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/overweight-and-obesity/ Who is overweight? (AIHW). (2016). Aihw.gov.au. Retrieved 6 December 2016, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/who-is-overweight/